Bluetooth Network is a wireless LAN technology used to connect devices of functions such as telephones, computers (laptop or desktop, notebooks cameras, printers and so on. Bluetooth project was started by SIG (Special Interest Group) formed by four companies IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba for interconnecting computing and communicating devices using short-range, lower-power, inexpensive wireless radios.
Bluetooth Network System
The project was named Bluetooth after the name of Viking king-Harald Blaatand who unified Denmark and Norway in 10 century Nowadays, Bluetooth technology is used for several computer and non computer application:
1. It is used for providing communication between peripheral devices like wireless mouse or keyboard with the computer. 2. It is used by modern healthcare devices to send signals to monitors
3. It is used by modern communicating devices like mobile phone, PDAs, palmtops etc to transfer data rapidly.
4. It is used for dial up networking. Thus allowing a notebook computer to call via a mobile phone.
5. It is used for cordless telephoning to connect a handset and its local base
station.
6. It also allows hands-free voice communication with headset.
7. It also enables a mobile computer to connect to a fixed LAN. 16 8. It can also be used for file transfer operations from one mobile phone to another.
Bluetooth devices have a built-in short range radio transmitter. The rate provided is IMbps and uses 2.4 GHz bandwidth.
20.2.1 Bluetooth Architecture –Â Bluetooth Network
Bluetooth architecture defines two types of networks:
1. Piconet
2. Scatternet
1. Piconet
Piconet is a bluetooth network that consists of one primary (master) node and seven active secondary (slave) nodes. Thus, piconet can have upto eight active nodes (1 master and 7 slaves) or
stations within the distance of 10 metres. There can be only one primary or master station in each piconet.
The communication between the primary and the secondary can be one-to- one or one-to-many. (see figure 20.6)
All communication is between communication is not possible. master and a slave. Salve-slave communication is not possible.
In addition to seven active slave station, a piconet can have upto 255 parked nodes. These parked node are secondary or slave stations and cannot take part in communication until it is moved from parked state to active state.
2. Scatternet
Scatternet is formed by combining various piconets. A slave in one piconet can act as a master or primary in other piconet.
Such a station or node can receive messages from the master in the first piconet and deliver the message to its slaves in other piconet where it is acting as master. This node is also called bridge slave.
Thus a station can be a member of two piconets as shown in figure 20.7
A station cannot be a master in two piconets.
20.2.2 Bluetooth Network layers and Protocol Stack
The layer structure of Bluetooth does not follow OSI model, TCPAP model la om or any other known model.
The different layers and Bluetooth protocol architecture is shown in figure 20.8.
Radio Layer –Â Bluetooth Network
The Bluetooth radio layer corresponds to the physical layer of 8 made It deals with ratio transmission and modulation.
The radio layer moves data from master to slave or vice verSAL It is a low power system that uses 2.4 GHz 15M band in a range of 10 mete
This band is divided into 79 channels of IMHz each. Bluetooth use the Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) method in the physical layer
avoid interference from other devices or networks.
Bluetooth hops 1600 times per second, le each device changes
modulation frequency 1600 times per second
In order to change bits into a signal, it uses a version of FSK called GFSK PSK with Gaussian bandwidth filtefing
Baseband Layer –Â Bluetooth Network
Baseband layer is equivalent to the MAC sublayer in LANs.
Bluetooth uses a form of TDMA called TDD-TDMA (time division duple TDMA).
Master and slave stations communicate with each other using time slots.”
. The master in each piconet defines the time slot of 625 sec.
In TDD-TDMA, communication is half duplex in which receiver can send and receive data but not at the same time. If the piconet has only no slave; the master uses even numbered slots (0,2,4, …) and the slave uses odd-numbered slots (1, 3, 5, …). Both master and
slave communicate in half duplex mode. In slot 0, master sends & secondary
receives; in slot 1, secondary sends and primary receives.
If piconet has more than one slave, the master uses even numbered slots. The slave sends in the next odd-numbered slot if the packet in the previous slot was addressed to it.
In baseband layer, two types of links can be created between a master and
slave. These are:
1. Asynchronous Connection-less (ACL) –Â Bluetooth Network
It is used for packet switched data that is available at irregular intervals. ACL delivers traffic on a best effort basis. Fraines can be lost & may have to be retransmitted.
A slave can have only one ACL link to its master.
⚫ Thus ACL link is used where correct delivery is preferred over fast delive y • The ACL can achieve a maximum data rate of 721 kbps by using one, three
or more slots.
2. Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) –Â Bluetooth Network
SCO is used for real time data such as sound. It is used where fast delivery is preferred over accurate delivery.
In an SCO link, a physical link is created between the master and slave by
reserving specific slots at regular intervals. Damaged packets are not retransmitted over SCO links.
A slave can have three SCO links with the master and can send data at 64 Kbps.
Logical Link Control Adaptation Protocol Layer (L2CAP)Â – Bluetooth Network
The logical unit link control adaptation protocol is equivalent to logical link. control sublayer of LAN.
The ACL link uses L2CAP for data exchange but SCO channel does not use it. The various function of L2CAP are:
1. Segmentation and reassembly –Â Bluetooth Network
L2CAP receives the packets of upto 64 KB from upper layers and divides them into frames for transmission. It adds extra information to define the location of frame in the original
packet. The L2CAP reassembles the frame into packets again at the destination.
2. Multiplexing
L2CAP performs multiplexing at sender side and demultiplexing at receiver side.
At the sender site, it accepts data from one of the upper layer protocols frames them and deliver them to the baseband layer.
At the receiver site, it accepts a frame from the baseband layer, extracts the data, and delivers them to the appropriate protocol layer.
3. Quality of Service (QOS) –Â Bluetooth Network
L2CAP handles quality of service requirements, both when links are
established and during normal operation.
It also enables the devices to negotiate the maximum payload size during connection establishment.
20.2.3 Bluetooth Frame Format –Â Bluetooth Network
The various fields of Bluetooth frame format are: (shown in figure 20.9) 1. Access Code: It is 72 bit field that contains synchronization bits. It identifies the master.
2. Header: This is 54-bit field. It contains 18 bit pattern that is repeated for 3 time.
The header field contains following subfields:
(1) Address: This 3 bit field can define up to seven slaves (1 to 7). If the address is zero, it is used for broadcast communication from primary to all secondary.
(ii) Type: This 4 bit field identifies the type of data coming from upper layers.
(iii) F: This flow bit is used for flow control. When set to 1, it means the device is unable to receive more frames.
(iv) A : This bit is used for acknowledgement.
(v) S: This bit contains a sequence number of the frame to detect re transmission. As stop and wait protocol is used, one bit is sufficient.
(vi) Checksum: This 8 bit field contains checksum to detect errors in header.
3. Data: This field can be 0 to 2744 bits long. It contains data or control information coming from upper layers.
my study level best online study platform online
